| (e)Annexure I(f) |
(g)ENVIRONMENTALLY
SOUND MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES IN INDIA FOR RE(h)CYCLING / REPROCESSING
OF HAZARDOUS WASTES :
LEAD, ZINC AN(i)D USED OIL |
| |
|
1. |
Elements of environmentally
sound management |
| |
 |
The
extent to which wastes can be treated to obtain specific products |
| |
|
Potential
of harm to human health and the environment |
| |
|
Economic
balance and market opportunities |
| |
|
Location
of treatment facilities |
| |
|
Processing
of the hazardous wastes and by-products of the process itself |
| |
|
Worker
safety |
| 2. |
Criteria
for environmentally sound reuse or recycling options |
| |
|
Feedstock (upstream)
quality : degree and nature of contamination and environmental/health
risks association with handling and processing, volumes and
types. |
| |
|
Treatment processes for getting appropriate
quality feedstock for downstream industries or users, impacts
on resource conservation, percentage of the product recovered,
energy savings. |
| |
|
Impacts of treatment processes on
public health and environment. |
| |
|
Final disposal of end-of-the-pipe
output of treatment processes in the framework of environmentally
sound management of hazardous wastes. |
| |
|
Economics (economic viability/sustainable
market and commercial feasibility; product value). |
| |
|
Technology and techniques (treatment
capacity, feedstock capability) and their potential impacts
on the environment. |
| |
|
Location of existing or planned facilities. |
| |
|
Infrastructure for clean and efficient
collection, storage and transport of used lube oils. |
| |
|
Public perception |
| |
|
Legislation
(i.e. on air emissions). |
| |
|
Socio-economic
benefits (i.e. employment opportunities). |
| |
|
Knowledge
of cases or processes which have gone wrong in the past. |
| |
|
Availability
of cleaner production methods and clean technologies. |
| |
 |
| 3. |
Recycling Of Lead |
| |
3.1 |
Secondary Lead |
| |
|
In India, secondary lead production
has jumped from 14,100 to about 29,000 tonnes in the 1996-97
period, as industrial infrastructure and automotive market
expanded. At present, lead acid battery accounts for about
75% of the lead consumption. The overall contribution of the
secondary lead industry in the country is same as that of
primary producers. There are about seven medium size secondary
lead plants (total capacity 55,000 tonnes/year), 40 small
operations (combined capacity of 15,000 tonnes/year) and more
than 250 tiny/backyard plants (estimated combined capacity
25,000 tonnes/year). The main source of lead in these plants
is scrap batteries.
One major problem in India is that of low technology and
the pollution caused by the smaller secondary plants in unorganized
sector. Current secondary lead refining practices are mainly
batch processing based on the traditional pyrometallurgical
methods. Batch refining is carried out in hemispherical vessels
usually stirred to mix in the reactants. The stirring is not
necessary where injecting air does oxidation or oxygen enriched
air through lances. The metal is then held molten while the
reaction products float out and are recovered from the surface.
In backyard/unorganized smelters, lead scraps and wastes
in several forms are smelted first in open receptacles, and
then refined to chemically pure (99.99%) lead and also in
manufacture of various lead alloys. The backyard smelters,
dispersed widely have no pollution controlling system
|
| |
3.2 |
Traditionally the processing of lead
acid batteries is carried out using pyrometallurgy. Flow diagram
of a typical plant is given below (figure:1):
|
| |
|
|
Figure 1: Manufacturing process
flow diagram of secondary lead smelter |
| |
3.3 |
Emission control system provided in
a secondary smelter plant is given below (figure: 2). |
| |
|
Figure 2: Emission control system
at secondary lead smelter |
| |
|
India's primary lead
production comes entirely from the public sector company,
M/s. Hindustan Zinc Ltd (HZL). The lead production capacity
at its Vishakhapatnam plant stands at 22,000 tonnes per annum.
With commissioning of HZL's new lead smelter, at Chanderiya
in Rajasthan with an annual capacity of 35,000 tonnes, the
primary lead production capacity in India, all by HZL only
has gone up to 65,000 tonnes. In addition to this, the country
currently has around 52,000 tonnes secondary lead production
capacity in the organized private sector. However, only about
30,000 tonnes from this sector are available in the open market
since the remaining part is for captive consumption. Out of
this, Indian Lead Ltd. (ILL) with a capacity of 24,000 tonnes
per annum is gradually shifting to concentrate route due to
the low availability of scrap. There is also a significant
15,000 tonnes secondary lead production capacity in the unorganized
sector, generally known as the backyard furnace.
The demand and supply gap would work to
about 41,700 tonnes by the end of 9th plan and would further
increase to 114,500 and 192,200 tonnes by the end of 10th
and 11th plans respectively. Demand-supply details are given
in Table 1.
|
| |
Table 1: Demand-supply balance
with existing capacities-Lead |
| |
| Year |
Demand
with
7% Growth
(Tonnes)
|
Supply
of Lead
(HZL + ILL)
(Tonnes)
|
Deficit
(Tonnes)
|
Satisfaction
% |
| 9th Plan |
|
|
|
|
| 1997-1998 |
91,900 |
78,500 |
13,200 |
85.6 |
| 1998-1999 |
98,100 |
78,500 |
19,600 |
80.00 |
| 1999-2000 |
105,000 |
78,500 |
26,500 |
74.80 |
| 2000-2001 |
112,300 |
78,500 |
33,800 |
69.90 |
| 2001-2002 |
120,200 |
78,500 |
41,700 |
65.30 |
| 10th Plan |
|
|
|
|
| 2006-2007 |
193,000 |
78,500 |
114,500 |
40.70 |
| 11th Plan |
|
|
|
|
| 2011-2012 |
270,700 |
78,500 |
192,200 |
29.00 |
|
| |
A good deal of difficulty in meeting
the demand of primary lead can partially be solved by encouraging
recycling of lead scrap for production of secondary lead by
ensuring centralized collection of old/used lead-acid batteries
and processing of the same by the organized sector with environmentally
sound management and also by import to augment the remaining
gap in demand, if any. |
| |
3.4 |
Code of practice for environmentally
sound management of lead-acid batteries |
| |
1. |
The application of the user industry
for obtaining ESM registration shall be accompanied by the following
permission/authorisation and report on compliance of conditions
thereof from the concerned State Pollution Control Board/Committee. |
| |
(a) |
Authorisation under Rule 5 of Hazardous
Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989, and amendments
thereof notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,
from the concerned State Pollution Control Board/Committee regarding
collection, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste. |
| |
(b) |
Consent under Section 25/26 of Water
(Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, from the
State Pollution Control Board/Committee. |
| |
(c) |
Consent under Section 21 of Air (Prevention
& Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, from the State Pollution
Control Board/Committee. |
| |
(d) |
Analysis report from the State Pollution
Control Board/Committee or any recognised testing laboratory
regarding the compliance of emission control system and effluent
treatment provided/installed by the user to meet the standards. |
| |
2. |
The transport of waste to the user’s
site shall be in accordance with the Hazardous Waste (Management
& Handling) Rules, 1989, and amendment thereof notified
under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. |
| |
3. |
The storage of the waste at the processing
site shall be such that the material will not come in contact
with water. |
| |
4. |
The waste shall be processed for recovery
of lead by reduction process in furnace with proper optimization
of process. |
| |
5. |
The slag produced after the recovery
of lead shall be reprocessed atleast twice so as to bring down
the lead content in the slag that will become due for disposal. |
| |
6. |
Disposal of slag shall be done at
the dedicated landfill facility as per the design approved by
the State Pollution Control Board or as given in the guidelines
under Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989
and amendments thereof notified under the Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986. |
| |
7. |
The leachate collection
system shall be integral part of the disposal/landfill facility
and the leachate shall be further treated so as to meet the
tolerance limit of heavy metals as under given in the schedule
VI, under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 |
| |
| Heavy |
Standard,
µg/l. |
| metals |
Inland
surface water |
Marine
coastal areas |
| Cadmium |
2 |
2.0 |
| Lead |
0.1 |
2.0 |
| Nickel |
3 |
5.0 |
|
| |
8. |
Air pollution control system for reprocessing of lead acid
batteries shall include Furnace ? Settling chamber
? Cyclone(s) ? bag filter(s) ? Agglomerator ? Stack height
(as stipulated) so as to meet the emission standard
of 10 µg/N.cu.m for lead and 50 µg/N.cu.m for
total particulate matter.
|
| |
9. |
The industry shall maintain records
of collection, treatment, transport, storage and disposal of
hazardous waste in Form 3 and submit return to SPCB/PCC in the
Form 4 of HW (M&H) Rules, 1989 and amendments thereof notified
under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. |
| |
|
| 4.0 |
Recycling Of Zinc |
| |
4.1 |
Secondary Zinc |
| |
15-20% of zinc demand in India is
met through secondary production. There are 20 secondary zinc
units (with a production capacity of about 3000 tonnes of zinc
ingot per month) and more than 200 zinc chemical units (zinc
oxide, zinc sulphate, zinc chloride etc.). These play an important
zinc supply-demand-balancing role in the country. Most of the
secondary zinc units use both mechanical and electrolytic methods
while some units recover metallic zinc from zinc ash by mechanical
method and sell-out fines (mainly oxide with 50-60% zinc) to
zinc chemical manufacturer. One pilot scale unit in Gujarat
is also reported to be using a plasma process for zinc. The
small size of secondary zinc units has restricted the use of
advanced technology. |
| |
4.2 |
Electrolytic Process for Zinc
Ash: |
| |
|
The process of extraction of zinc,
using zinc ash as raw material, constitutes mainly following
stages: |
| |
|
(A) |
Material preparation |
| |
|
(B) |
Leaching |
| |
|
(C) |
Purification |
| |
|
(D) |
Electrolysis & Melting |
| |
|
(E) |
Bleed-off |
| |
|
(F) |
Effluent Treatment |
| |
(A) |
Material Preparation |
| |
Zinc ash is generally available in
the form of lumps and chips. It is, therefore, first crushed
and then pulverized to separate out zinc metallic from fine
ash. On melting and casting this metallic, zinc is obtained.
Fine ash is first subjected to calcination in
an oil fired rotary kiln at 900oC. Particle retention time
in the kiln is decided by the percentage of chloride present
in the ash. The rotary kiln is associated with cyclones, settling
chamber, and water & lime scrubbers. All the evolved chlorine
is absorbed in lime or NaOH scrubber. Calcined ash lumps are
pulverized again to get particle size of (-) 100 mesh.
|
| |
(B) |
Leaching |
| |
The calcined fine ash is then treated
with sulphuric acid and / or spent electrolyte, generated
during electrolysis for leaching operation. Zinc is rendered
soluble according to the following reaction, using agitated
reactors:
ZnO + H2SO4 ? ZnSO4 + H2O
During this operation, compressed air and pyrolusite
(MnO2) are added to oxidize ferrous iron to ferric state.
Small quantity of steam, if required, is also added to leach
zinc at about 60oC to get better extraction. Leaching is continued
till pH of the slurry reaches 4.5 to 5 where the oxidized
impurity of iron is hydrolyzed to ferric hydroxide precipitate
and is thus removed from the solution:
3ZnO + Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
? 3ZnSO4 + 2 Fe(OH)3
The slurry is then discharged to a thickener for solid-liquid
separation. For quicker settling, suitable flocculent is added
to slurry at the time of discharge. The thickener, overflow,
which is a clear solution of ZnSO4, is sent for purification.
The thickener underflow is pumped to another
reactor, where it is subjected to water washing. The pulp
is filtered in a drum filter to get soluble zinc.
The residual cake is discarded to secured landfill
facility and the filtrate goes to effluent treatment plant
for making zinc hydroxide.
|
| |
(C) |
Purification |
| |
The primary object of purification
is to prepare the solution for electrolysis by removing all
those impurities, which are harmful to the process of electrolysis.
This operation is done in three stages. |
| |
First Stage |
| |
In first stage, copper is cemented
out with the addition of zinc dust/powder. The resultant pulp
is filtered in filter press (FP) to recover copper as copper
cement and the filtrate is taken to second stage of purification. |
| |
Second Stage |
| |
Solution is treated with stoichiometric
requirement of DMG to remove the impurity of nickel. Addition
of excess quantity of DMG is avoided as it increased chemical
oxygen demand (COD). Once the nickel removal is achieved the
solution is filtered through a FP and is sent to third stage
of purification. |
| |
Third Stage |
| |
To absorb organic impurities, activated
charcoal is added here. This purification stage is also considered
as the polishing stage. Any unwanted impurity, escaping through
1st & 2nd stage will be removed here. It is thus ensured
that ZnSO4 solution going for electrolysis is purified properly. |
|
| |
(D) |
Electrolysis &
Melting |
| |
The purified solution, mixed with
spent electrolyte, and cooled in atmospheric cooler to a temp.
of 35?C is electrolyzed in electrolytic cells, using lead
anodes and aluminum cathodes. Zinc metal deposits on cathodes,
whereas oxygen is given off at anodes. During electrowinning
of zinc, sulphuric acid is generated as per the reaction given
below:
ZnSO4 + H2O ? H2SO4 + Zn + ½O2
Zinc so deposited on aluminum cathodes is stripped-off manually
after every 24 hours and is melted in oil fired crucible furnace.
Molten Zinc metal is cast as zinc ingots. Spent acid is pumped
to leaching section for reuse.
|
| |
(E) |
Bleed-Off |
| |
Even with the removal
of maximum amount of chlorides and other impurities from zinc
ash, there will always be build-up of impurities in the system.
To lower down the level of impurities in the system some solution
need to be removed from it. Bleed-off solution is used to manufacture
zinc sulphate crystals. |
| |
(F) |
Effluent
Treatment |
| |
The only waste in the
system would be solid cake containing mainly silica, gypsum
etc. which is disposed-off in secured landfill facility. Wash
solution is converted into zinc hydroxide, which is reused in
the system. |
| |
4.3 |
Process
for Zinc Sulphate : |
| |
|
Manufacturing processes
flow-chart for zinc sulphate is given below (figure:3) : |
| |
Figure 3: Manufacturing processes
flow-chart for zinc sulphate |
| |
4.4 |
Code
of practice for environmentally sound management for zinc ash/skimmings |
| |
1. |
For obtaining ESM registration,
the industrial units shall have “consent” and “authorisation”
for disposal of hazardous wastes from respective State Pollution
Control Board/Committee. |
| |
2. |
During transportation,
processing for recovery of zinc and production of zinc oxide/zinc
sulphate, the following measures will be taken for environmental
safeguards : |
| |
. |
(a) |
To avoid dust emissions during handling
and transport, properly covered containers should be used. |
| |
|
(b) |
In the rotary furnaces, the industry
should install properly designed bag filter followed by a scrubber.
The emission of lead and total particulate matter should not
be more than 10 µg/Nm3 and 50 µg/Nm3 respectively. |
| |
|
(c) |
The effluent from scrubber should
be properly treated and disposal of the same, as may be required,
shall meet the standards stipulated by the concerned State Board/Committee. |
| |
|
(d) |
In the refining section, the solid
waste generated from drum filter cake which may contain lead,
cadmium etc., shall be properly neutralised and disposed in
a secure landfill to be provided as per the guidelines issued
by MoEF for implementation of Hazardous Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1989 and amendments thereof. The design of
secure landfill shall be approved by SPCB/PCC. The leachate
collection system shall be provided and leachate shall be treated
so as to conform the standards stipulated by the SPCB/PCC. |
| |
|
(e) |
In the electrolysis section, the
fugitive emission generated by electrolysis process, i.e. acid
fumes, should be properly controlled. The industry should install
canopy hood for channelisation of emission and it should be
connected to a properly designed scrubber before discharging
through a stack, as may be necessary. |
| |
|
(f) |
The industry should utilise the solid
waste as far as possible under intimation to the SPCB/PCC. |
| |
|
(g) |
The container of zinc ash/skimming
(after taking the material) should be properly cleaned and the
washing, if any, should be treated in the effluent treatment
plant as directed by the SPCB/PCC. |
| |
|
(h) |
Analysis report (from the State Pollution
Control Board or any recognised testing laboratory) regarding
the compliance of emission control system and effluent treatment
equipment provided by the user to meet the standards. |
| |
|
(i) |
Treated wastewater from the industry
should be fully recycled. |
|
| 5.0 |
Used lube oil / waste oil |
| |
5.1 |
Waste oil as hazardous
wastes is listed in Annex VIII (list-a) in the Basel. However,
this entry does not clearly illustrate the different types of
waste oils generating from various processes and sources. Therefore
an attempt has been made to separately define used lube oil
and waste oil in the Indian context. This is in consideration
with the level of contamination, content of Annex I material
exhibiting Annex III hazard characteristics, toxicity upon disposal
and environmentally sound management of wastes. For this purpose
there is a need to create a new entry of used lube oil at Annex
IX (List B) of Basel. |
| |
5.2 |
C.C.M.E.
(Canadian Council of Minister for Environment) has defined
used oils in code of practice for used oil management in Canada (it is important to refer to this definition since
it has been adopted by the Basel Convention), as
an oil from industrial and non-industrial Source which has
been acquired for lubricating and other purposes and has become
unsuitable for its original purposes due to the presence of
impurities or the loss of original properties.
Used oil doesn’t include oils derived from
animal or vegetable fats nor does it include crude or fuel
oil spilled on to land or waters and wastes from petroleum
refining operations.
The Basel Technical Guidelines (R9) has used the terms namely
used (lube) oil and waste oil separately which clarifies
that they are two different yields.
The definition of used oil in (R9) is ambiguous since it
mentions used oil meaning thereby any semi solid or liquid
used product consisting totally or partially of mineral oil
or synthesized hydrocarbons (synthetic oil) only residues
from tank oil water mixture and emulsions. These used product
arise from industrial and non-industrial resources where they
have been used for lubricating, hydraulic, heat transfer,
electric insulating or other purposes.
Mineral oil: The term mineral and lubricating oil as defined
in the Chemical Dictionary is: |
| |
|
Mineral |
| |
|
: A
loose and inexact term that may be defined chemically as any
elements, inorganic compound or mixtures occurring or originating
in the earth crust or atmosphere including all metals and non-metals,
their compounds and ores, mineral oil is defined as a liquid
petroleum derivative |
| |
|
Lubricating oil: |
| |
|
A selected fraction
of refined mineral oil used for lubrication of moving surfaces. |
| |
|
It is
further submitted that Chapter 27 of Harmonized System (HS)
of nomenclature further lends support that lubricating oils
are obtained by distillation of mineral oils.
Thus it is abundantly clear that lubricating
oil has a separate identity and is a product manufactured
out of mineral oil when refined in the refineries. |
| |
5.3 |
Waste oil & emulsions: |
| |
|
Waste oil: |
| |
|
In
petroleum technology - oil having characteristics making it
unsuitable either for further use or for economic recycling’.
Ref ASTM 4175
It is submitted that R-9 has concluded in the
end (page 11) that used oil and waste oil are two different
products having different specifications and end uses respectively
i.e. waste oil can not be re-refined and can only be converted
into fuel where as used lube oil can be re-processed/ re-refined
to yield lubricating oil suitable for its original use.
It is therefore imperative that a suitable definition is formulated
where used lube oil is separately defined, categorized and placed
on Annex IX of the Convention.
|
| |
5.4 |
Waste
Management for the reprocessing/reclaiming of used lube oil: |
| |
|
| Water
pollutants |
|
| Source |
Condensate / filtrate |
| Quantity |
depends upon water content in the used lube
oil |
| Treatment |
Neutralization and traps for removal of
oil and grease so as to meet the liquid effluent standards
notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
as below:
pH : 5.5 to 9.0
and
Oil & Grease : 10 µg/l
|
| Treatment |
(i) Adequate stack height for disposal of
gaseous emissions due to burning of LDO used for thermic
fluid heating. Stack height is to be calculated as per
formula notified under the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986. |
| |
(ii) In case incinerator is provided for
filter press cake and acid/clay sludge, then neutralization
of waste will be necessary and incinerator would be equipped
with gas scrubber and adequate stack height for disposal
of gaseous emissions in accordance with the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
| Solid (hazardous) wastes |
(i) Filter press cake and
acid-clay sludge is generated as hazardous waste.
(ii) Treatment:
|
|
|
| |
5.5 |
Comparative evaluation
of re-refining techniques |
| |
|
[Source: Y-8, Technical
guidelines on hazardous wastes: waste oils from petroleum origins
and sources] |
| |
|
| |
Evaluation item |
Acid/clay |
Vacuum distillation/
clay
|
Vacuum distillation/ hydro-treating |
| 1. |
Lube yield a |
Low |
Medium |
Medium |
| 2. |
Bright stocks b |
Recovered |
Lost |
Lost |
| 3. |
Utilities c |
Low |
Low |
Lost |
| 4. |
Overall energy d |
High |
Low |
Medium |
| 5. |
Hazardous chemicals e |
Sulphuric Acid |
Caustic |
Caustic |
| Waste Streams |
| 6. |
Acid sludge |
Most |
None |
None |
| 7. |
Oily clay |
Most |
Some |
None |
| 8. |
Caustic sludge or spent caustic |
None |
Some |
Some |
| 9. |
Process water |
Low |
Medium |
High |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
LEGEND: |
| |
|
a. |
LUBE YIELD : |
| |
|
|
THE OIL YIELD IN THE ACID/CLAY PROCESS
IS LOW BECAUSE OF LOSES TO THE ACID SLUDGE. THE TWO DISTILLATION
PROCESSES DO NOT RECOVER BRIGHT STOCKS AND THIS IS REFLECTED
IN THEIR MODERATE LUBE OIL RECOVERY. |
| |
|
b. |
BRIGHT STOCKS: |
| |
|
|
BRIGHT STOCKS ARE RECOVERED ONLY
IN THE ACID/CLAY PROCESS. THIS PROCESS WOULD BE FAVOURED IN
THE UNUSUAL SITUATION WHERE USED OILS CONTAIN EXTREMELY HIGH
PROPORTIONS OF BRIGHT STOCKS. |
| |
|
c. |
UTILITIES : |
| |
|
|
‘UTILITIES’ REFERS TO
THE TOTAL EXTERNAL ENERGY REQUIREMENT (POWER PLUS FUEL). |
| |
|
d. |
OVERALL ENERGY: |
| |
|
|
THIS IS TOTAL EXTERNAL ENERGY (UTILITIES)
PLUS POTENTIAL ENERGY LOST IN NON-RECOVERED OILS. |
| |
|
e. |
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS: |
| |
|
|
IN THE ACID/CLAY PROCESS, THE OPERATORS
ARE EXPOSED TO THE RISK OF HANDLING SULPHURIC ACID AND THE RESULTING
ACID SLUDGE. ALL THREE PROCESSES EXPOSE THE OPERATORS TO POSSIBLE
CHEMICALS BURNS. |
| |
5.6 |
Code of practice
for environmentally sound management of used lube oil |
| |
1. |
Acid/clay process to
re-refine used lube oil in small/medium industry in the organized
sector can yield Bright Stock in a techno-economically feasible
manner and the waste generated by this process can be handled
in an environmentally sound manner without exhibiting Annex
III hazard characteristics as given in the HW (M&H) Amendment
Rules, 2000. |
| |
2. |
For obtaining ESM registration,
the industrial units shall have “consent” and “authorisation”
for disposal of hazardous wastes from respective State Pollution
Control Board/Committee. |
| |
3. |
The secondary wastes
generated during re-refining process are: bleaching earth, acid
tars, slurries and aqueous residues. The disposal of waste generated
is required to be done in an environmentally sound manner as
under: |
| |
|
(a) |
Sediments: It shall go for de-watering
and neutralisation and then disposal in landfill or incineration
as per authorisation under rule 5 of Hazardous Wastes (Management
& Handling) Rules, 1989, and amendments thereof. |
| |
|
(b) |
Aqueous phase: This needs to be treated
in the effluent treatment plant to meet the standards stipulated
under the consent conditions issued under section 25/26 of the
Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. This
would generally include neutralisation and separation of oil
& grease. |
| |
|
(c) |
Oil slurries: These shall be taken
for energy recovery or combustion or incineration after neutralisation,
as may be required, in a systematic manner with the approval
by the State Pollution Control Board/Committee. |
| |
|
(d) |
The incineration process shall meet
the emission standards stipulated under the consent conditions
issued under section 21 of the Air (Prevention & Control
of Pollution) Act, 1981. Waste for incineration shall be neutralised
and incinerator shall be provided with air pollution control
equipment (such as scrubber, proper stack height etc.). |
| |
4. |
The industry shall maintain
records of collection, treatment, transport, storage and disposal
of hazardous waste in Form 3 and submit return in Form 4 of
HW (M&H) Rules, 1989 and amendments thereof to the SPCB/PCC. |
| |
|
|
|
IMPLICATIONS
OF
THE BASEL CONVENTION IN INDIAN CONTEXT
|
Presentation
by
D. B. Boralkar & Dilip Biswas
Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi |
AT
THE
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
HAZARDOUS WASTES MANAGEMENT
AT CHENNAI,
January
27, 2000
|
